Soldered RAM is hard to test directly—stress test the memory instead

Probably, but random crashes don’t always point to RAM. You can’t swap soldered modules, so you need software to stress the memory.

Run MemTest86 from a USB boot drive. Let it go for at least one full pass (hours, not minutes). If it finds errors, the RAM (or memory controller) is likely bad. If it passes but crashes still happen, look elsewhere—CPU voltage, GPU, or a dying SSD.

The Windows Memory Diagnostic is quicker but less thorough. I’d start there for a sanity check, then move to MemTest86 if you suspect real trouble.

A single bit flip can cause a crash without failing a test, so if the behaviour is consistent under load, it’s probably RAM. But don’t rule out a flaky power delivery or driver issue. Soldered RAM failures are rare. If you confirm it, the fix is a new motherboard.

If MemTest86 passes and crashes persist, try a Linux live USB. If it runs stable, your Windows install or drivers are the problem, not the RAM.